Gating mechanism: Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)

Besides a simple recurrent neural network layer, as discussed above, there are two other commonly used types of recurrent neural network layers: Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). For a short introduction to these layers see https://medium.com/mindboard/lstm-vs-gru-experimental-comparison-955820c21e8b and https://medium.com/mindboard/lstm-vs-gru-experimental-comparison-955820c21e8b.

LSTM uses a memory cell for modeling long-range dependencies and avoid vanishing gradient problems. Capable of modeling longer term dependencies by having memory cells and gates that controls the information flow along with the memory cells.

1. Introduced by Hochreiter and Schmidhuber (1997) who solved the problem of getting an RNN to remember things for a long time (like hundreds of time steps).
2. They designed a memory cell using logistic and linear units with multiplicative interactions.
3. Information gets into the cell whenever its “write” gate is on.
4. The information stays in the cell so long as its keep gate is on.
5. Information can be read from the cell by turning on its read gate.

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