Loading [MathJax]/extensions/TeX/boldsymbol.js

 

 

 

Padding

The solution to this is what is called padding! We simply define a new vector x with two added elements set to zero before x(0) and two new elements after x(3) set to zero. That is, we augment the length of \boldsymbol{x} from n=4 to n+2P=8 , where P=2 is the padding constant (a new hyperparameter), see discussions below as well.