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Definition of Correlation Functions and Standard Deviation

Our estimate of the true average μX is the sample mean Xm μXXXm=1mnmα=1nk=1xα,k.

We can then use Eq. (9) σ2m=1mn2mα=1nkl=1(xα,kXm)(xα,lXm), and rewrite it as σ2m=σ2n+2mn2mα=1nk<l(xα,kXm)(xα,lXm), where the first term is the sample variance of all mn experiments divided by n and the last term is nothing but the covariance which arises when kl.